e‑Bug is supported by a strong body of research that shows how education can help children and young people understand infection prevention, antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance (AMR).

These publications, some of which are published independently of the e-Bug partnership, highlight how e‑Bug resources have been developed, used and evaluated in schools and communities in the UK and internationally. They show the impact of engaging, age‑appropriate learning on knowledge, attitudes and behaviours, and share insights into what works best for teaching health topics in real‑world settings.

Together, this evidence demonstrates e‑Bug’s role in supporting effective AMR education and helping prepare schools and educators for the increasing importance of AMR within national curricula, including PSHE.

1. Helen Callaby, Lyra Joyohoy, Alishah Haider, Victoria Mycock, Rachel Mennie, Jill King, Fiona McDonald, Suzanne Brittain, Vhairi Bateman, ‘Educate them early’—antimicrobial stewardship in schools using e-Bug: a brief review of online resources ‘KS2: Antibiotics’ and ‘KS3: antibiotic use and antimicrobial resistance’, JAC-Antimicrobial Resistance, Volume 8, Issue 2, April 2026, dlag041,
2. Hassan SA, Isak MJ, Osman AM, Hassan YM, Ahmed AM, Mire SA, et al. Effectiveness of an e-Bug-based antimicrobial resistance education intervention: A prospective quasi-experimental study among Grade 12 students in Mogadishu, Somalia. IJID Reg. 2025;17:100771.
3. Hayes CV, Eley CV, Ashiru-Oredope D, Hann M, McNulty CAM. Development and pilot evaluation of an educational programme on infection prevention and antibiotics with English and Scottish youth groups, informed by COM-B. Journal of Infection Prevention. 2021:17571774211012463.
4. McNulty CAMCLB, Rowshonara B. Syeda, C. Verity Bennett, Behnaz Schofield, David G. Allison Nick Francis. Teacher and Student Views on the Feasibility of Peer to Peer Education as a Model to Educate 16–18 Year Olds on Prudent Antibiotic Use—A Qualitative Study. Antibiotics. 2020.
5. Young VL, Berry M, Verlander NQ, Ridgway A, McNulty CAM. Using debate to educate young people in schools about antibiotic use and resistance: A before and after evaluation using a questionnaire survey. Journal of Infection Prevention. 2019.
6. Eley CV, Young VL, Hayes CV, Verlander NQ, McNulty CAM. Young People’s Knowledge of Antibiotics and Vaccinations and Increasing This Knowledge Through Gaming: Mixed-Methods Study Using e-Bug. JMIR Serious Games. 2019;7(1):e10915.
7. Fernandes R, Naik S, Bhat AG, Shetty R, Hande MH, Ghafur A, et al. Knowledge Assessment of E-Bug Assisted Antimicrobial Resistance Education Module in Class VII School Students of South Indian Coastal Town of Manipal. J Clin Med. 2019;8(1).
8. Hawking MK, Lecky DM, Touboul Lundgren P, Aldigs E, Abdulmajed H, Ioannidou E, et al. Attitudes and behaviours of adolescents towards antibiotics and self-care for respiratory tract infections: a qualitative study. BMJ open. 2017;7(5):e015308.
9. Touboul Lundgren P, Khouri P, Pradier C. How to raise awareness about antibiotics and vaccination among French teenagers? Sante Publique. 2017;29(2):167–77.
10. Lecky DM, McNulty CA. Current initiatives to improve prudent antibiotic use amongst school-aged children. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2013;68(11):2428–30.
11. McNulty CA, Lecky DM, Farrell D, Kostkova P, Adriaenssens N, Koprivova Herotova T, et al. Overview of e-Bug: an antibiotic and hygiene educational resource for schools. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66 Suppl 5:v3–12.
12. Lecky DM, McNulty CA, Adriaenssens N, Koprivova Herotova T, Holt J, Touboul P, et al. What are school children in Europe being taught about hygiene and antibiotic use? J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66 Suppl 5:v13–21.
13. Lecky DM, McNulty CA, Adriaenssens N, Koprivova Herotova T, Holt J, Kostkova P, et al. Development of an educational resource on microbes, hygiene and prudent antibiotic use for junior and senior school children. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66 Suppl 5:v23–31.
14. Lecky DM, McNulty CA, Touboul P, Herotova TK, Benes J, Dellamonica P, et al. Evaluation of e-Bug, an educational pack, teaching about prudent antibiotic use and hygiene, in the Czech Republic, France and England. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2010;65(12):2674–84.

1. Ochili R, Leaver S, Eastwood L, Dyer C, Taborn E, Robinson J, et al. The role and needs of teachers/schools in infection prevention and control post COVID-19. Public health. 2025;242:285–90.
2. Hayes CV, Eley CV, Ashiru-Oredope D, Hann M, McNulty CAM. Development and pilot evaluation of an educational programme on infection prevention and antibiotics with English and Scottish youth groups, informed by COM-B. Journal of Infection Prevention. 2021:17571774211012463.
3. Eley C, Weston-Price S, Young V, Hoekstra B, Gadhia T, Muirhead V, et al. Using oral hygiene education in schools to tackle child tooth decay: a mixed methods study with children and teachers in England. Journal of Biological Education. 2019:1–15.
4. Eley C, Young V, McNulty C. Beating bugs TOGETHER: The Journal of the Health Visitors' Association. Community Practitioner. 2017;90(3):42–3.
5. Hoekstra BA, Young VL, Eley CV, Hawking MK, McNulty CA. School Nurses' perspectives on the role of the school nurse in health education and health promotion in England: a qualitative study. BMC Nurs. 2016;15:73.
6. Hawking MK, Lecky DM, Verlander NQ, McNulty CA. Fun on the farm: evaluation of a lesson to teach students about the spread of infection on school farm visits. PloS one. 2013;8(10):e75641.
7. Hoekstra B, Lecky D, Young V. E-Bug: hygiene and antibiotic awareness for school-aged children. Community practitioner : the journal of the Community Practitioners' & Health Visitors' Association. 2014;87(7):36–7.

1. Hermet, L., et al. (2026). "Integrating the One Health approach into school curricula: perceptions and educational needs of teachers in mainland France and New Caledonia." Frontiers in Public Health 14: 1822865.
2. Langsrud S, Veflen N, Allison R, Crawford B, Izsó T, Kasza G, et al. A trans disciplinary and multi actor approach to develop high impact food safety messages to consumers: Time for a revision of the WHO - Five keys to safer food? Trends in Food Science & Technology. 2023;133:87–98.
3. Hann M, Hayes CV, Lacroix-Hugues V, Touboul Lundgren P, McNulty C, Syeda R, et al. Evidence-based health interventions for the educational sector: Application and lessons learned from developing European food hygiene and safety teaching resources. Food Control. 2023;143:109219.
4. Hann MA, R.; Truninger, M.; Junqueira, L.; Silva, A.; Touboul Lundgren, P.; Lacroix Hugues, V.; Godard, M.; Fehér, Á.; Csenki, E.; et al. . Educating Young Consumers about Food Hygiene and Safety with SafeConsume: A Multi-Centre Mixed Methods Evaluation. Education Sciences. 2022.
5. Syeda R, Touboul Lundgren P, Kasza G, Truninger M, Brown C, Lacroix Hugues V, et al. Young People’s Views on Food Hygiene and Food Safety: A Multicentre Qualitative Study. Education Sciences. 2021;11(6):261.
6. Eley C, Lundgren PT, Kasza G, Truninger M, Brown C, Hugues VL, et al. Teaching young consumers in Europe: a multicentre qualitative needs assessment with educators on food hygiene and food safety. Perspect Public Health. 2021:1757913920972739.

1. Drymiotou, I., et al. (2025). "Open Schooling to raise student awareness and engagement: the case of tackling Antimicrobial Resistance." Journal of Biological Education: 1–24.
2. Syeda R, Hann M, Allison R, Demirjian A. Scoping exercise to develop a storybook to support children’s education during the COVID-19 pandemic. 2021;5(1):e000926.
3. Catherine Hayes VY, Carla Brown, Pia Touboul Lundgren, Dimitra Gennimata, Jette Holt, Egbert Weisheit, Arantza Rico, Carlos Garcia, Paola De Castro, Cliodna A M McNulty. International promotion of e-Bug, an infection prevention and control educational intervention: survey of partners across 14 countries JAC Antimicrob Resist. 2020.
4. Eley CV, Young VL, Hayes CV, Verlander NQ, McNulty CAM. Young People’s Knowledge of Antibiotics and Vaccinations and Increasing This Knowledge Through Gaming: Mixed-Methods Study Using e-Bug. JMIR Serious Games. 2019;7(1):e10915.
5. Hale AR, Young VL, Grand A, McNulty CA. Can Gaming Increase Antibiotic Awareness in Children? A Mixed-Methods Approach. JMIR Serious Games. 2017;5(1):e5.
6. Young V, Rajapandian V, Eley C, Hoekstra B, Lecky D, McNulty C. Monitoring Web Site Usage of e-Bug: A Hygiene and Antibiotic Awareness Resource for Children. JMIR Res Protoc. 2015;4(4):e131.
7. Lecky DM, Hawking MK, Verlander NQ, McNulty CA. Using interactive family science shows to improve public knowledge on antibiotic resistance: does it work? PloS one. 2014;9(8):e104556.
8. 54–60 (all gaming and digital e-Bug development and evaluation studies as previously listed)

1. Catherine Hayes VY, Carla Brown, Pia Touboul Lundgren, Dimitra Gennimata, Jette Holt, Egbert Weisheit, Arantza Rico, Carlos Garcia, Paola De Castro, Cliodna A M McNulty. International promotion of e-Bug, an infection prevention and control educational intervention: survey of partners across 14 countries JAC Antimicrob Resist. 2020.
2. Adriaenssens N, De Corte S, Coenen S, Grieten E, Goossens H. Implementation of e-Bug in Belgium. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66 Suppl 5:v51–3.
3. Avô AB, Costa C, Amann G, Gaspar MJ, Batista I. Implementation of the e-Bug Project in Portugal. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66 Suppl 5:v81–3.
4. Gennimata D, Merakou K, Barbouni A, Kremastinou J. Implementation of the e-Bug Project in Greece. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66 Suppl 5:v71–3.
5. Holt J, Jensen US. Implementation of e-Bug in Denmark. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66 Suppl 5:v59–62.
6. Koncan R, Lo Cascio G, Cornaglia G. Pilot implementation of the e-Bug Project in Italy. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66 Suppl 5:v75–6.
7. Koprivová Herotová T, Kostkova P, Benes J. e-Bug implementation in the Czech Republic. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66 Suppl 5:v55–7.
8. Olczak-Pienkowska A, Grzesiowski P. Progress towards implementing the e-Bug Project in Poland. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66 Suppl 5:v77–9.
9. Rodríguez C, González E, García A, Campos J. Implementation of the e-Bug Project in Spain. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66 Suppl 5:v85–7.
10. Touboul P, Dunais B, Urcun JM, Michard JL, Loarer C, Azanowsky JM, et al. The e-Bug project in France. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66 Suppl 5:v67–70.
11. Lecky DM, McNulty CA. e-Bug implementation in England. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66 Suppl 5:v63–6.